Transliteration is opposed to
transcription, which specifically maps the sounds of one language to the best
matching script of another language. Still, most systems of transliteration map
the letters of the source script to letters pronounced similarly in the goal
script, for some specific pair of source and goal language. If the relations
between letters and sounds are similar in both languages, a transliteration may
be (almost) the same as a transcription. In practice, there are also some mixed
transliteration/transcription systems that transliterate a part of the original
script and transcribe the rest.
For instance, the Greek phrase
"Ελληνική Δημοκρατία" 'Hellenic Republic' can be transliterated as
"Ellēnikē Dēmokratia" by substituting Latin letters for Greek
letters. From an information-theoretical point of view, systematic
transliteration is a mapping from one system of writing into another, word by
word, or ideally letter by letter. Most transliteration systems are one-to-one,
so a reader who knows the system can reconstruct the original spelling.
The transliteration discussed above can
be regarded as transliteration in the narrow sense. In a broader sense, the
word transliteration may include both transliteration in the narrow sense and
transcription.
Transliteration of single words is often
an informal non-systematic process; many variants of the same word are often
used. For example the Hebrew word מַצָּה is rendered in English, according to the second edition of the
Oxford English Dictionary, as matzo, matzah, matso, motsa, motso, maẓẓo, matza, matzho, matzoh, mazzah, motza, and mozza.
For example, the Greek language is
written in the 24-letter Greek alphabet, which overlaps with, but differs from,
the 26-letter Latin alphabet in which English is written. Etymologies in
English dictionaries often identify Greek words as ancestors of words used in
English, and sometimes transliterate the Greek words into Roman letters.
Arabic
Transliteration
During the last decades of the 20th
century and especially since the 1990s, Western text communication technologies
became increasingly prevalent in the Arab world, such as personal computers,
the World Wide Web, email, bulletin board systems, IRC, instant messaging and
mobile phone text messaging. Most of these technologies originally had the
ability to communicate using Latin script only, and some of them still do not
have the Arabic alphabet as an optional feature. As a result, Arabic speaking
users communicated in these technologies by transliterating the Arabic text in
to English using Latin script. To handle those Arabic letters that do not have
an approximate phonetic equivalent in the Latin script, numerals and other
characters were appropriated. For example, the numeral "3" is used to
represent the Arabic letter ⟨ع⟩ (ʿayn ). Many users of mobile phones and
computers use Arabish even when their system supports the Arabic script because
they do not always have Arabic keyboards, or because they are more familiar
with the QWERTY keyboard layout for typing.
Some peoplerefer to Arabish as Arabic
Chat Alphabet because it was most often used to communicate on online chat
services; the main name is "Aralish" or "Arabish" (as
"Ara"/"Arab" stands for the first letters of "Arabic"
and "Lish"/"ish" stands for the last letters of
"English"). In Literary Arabic, the term عربية
الدردشة can
be constructed, which literally mean "Arabic of chat."
Egyptian internet users more likely call
it Franco-Arab. Another possible known name is Arabi bel Engelizi (Egyptian
Arabic: عربى بالانجليزى, "Arabic by English"). Arabish
and Arabizi are not known namings to Egyptians. Online communications, such as
IRC, bulletin board systems, and blogs, are often run on systems or over protocols
which don't support codepages or alternate character sets. This system has
gained common use and can be seen even in domain names such as Qal3ah.
It is most commonly used by youths in the
Arab world in very informal settings, for example communicating with friends or
other youths. The Arabic Chat Alphabet is never used in formal settings and is
rarely, if ever, used for long communications. The length of any single
communication in ACA rarely ever exceeds more than a few sentences at a time.
Even though the Arabic language is well
integrated with Windows XP and Mac OS X, people still use it in Arabic forums
and instant Messaging programs such as Windows Live Messenger and Yahoo!
Messenger because they don't always have Arabic keyboards. Also, some people
are not capable of using an Arabic keyboard as it is much more complicated than
the English one.
Arabish is used on many public advertisements
by large multinationals. Because of its widespread use, large players in the
online industry like Google and Microsoftintroduced tools that convert text
written in Arabish to Arabic.
For Table of Arabic Transliteration, download here.
For Instruction of Arabic
Transliteration, download here.
For Times New Arabic Font, download here
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